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Exam Code: IAPP-CIPP-E
Exam Name: Certified Information Privacy Professional/Europe (CIPP/E)
Format: 90 multiple-choice questions (60 scored, 20 non-scored trial items).
Duration: 150 minutes (2.5 hours).
Passing Score: 300 out of 500 (approximately 65-80% correct answers).
Languages: Available in English, French, and German.

Domain I: Introduction to European Data Protection

- Origins and Historical Context of Data Protection Law:
- Evolution of data protection in Europe.
- Key milestones: European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), Convention 108 (Council of Europe), OECD Privacy Guidelines.
- Influence of national data protection laws pre-GDPR.

- Human Rights Laws:
- Article 8 of the ECHR (right to privacy).
- Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (Articles 7 and 8).
- Interaction between human rights and data protection.

- European Union Institutions:
- Roles of the European Commission, Council of the European Union, European Parliament, and Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU).
- Influence of EU institutions on data protection policy.

- Legislative Framework:
- Overview of the GDPR and its scope.
- Pre-GDPR directives (e.g., Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC).
- Other relevant frameworks: ePrivacy Directive (2002/58/EC), Law Enforcement Directive (2016/680).

Domain II: European Data Protection Law and Regulation

- Data Protection Concepts:
- Personal data vs. non-personal data.
- Sensitive personal data (special categories under GDPR Article 9).
- Anonymization and pseudonymization.
- Data processing principles (lawfulness, fairness, transparency, purpose limitation, data minimization, accuracy, storage limitation, integrity, and confidentiality).

- Territorial and Material Scope of the GDPR:
- Application to EU and non-EU organizations (Article 3).
- Extraterritorial reach (e.g., targeting EU data subjects).
- Establishment and main establishment concepts.

- Data Processing Principles:
- GDPR Article 5 principles.
- Accountability and demonstrating compliance (Article 5(2)).

- Lawful Processing Criteria:
- Legal bases for processing (Article 6): consent, contract, legal obligation, vital interests, public task, legitimate interests.
- Conditions for consent (Article 7).
- Special categories of data (Article 9).

- Information Provision Obligations:
- Transparency requirements (Articles 12-14).
- Privacy notices and policies.
- Timing and format of information provision.

- Data Subjects Rights:
- Right to access (Article 15).
- Right to rectification (Article 16).
- Right to erasure (“right to be forgotten,” Article 17).
- Right to restriction of processing (Article 18).
- Right to data portability (Article 20).
- Right to object (Article 21).
- Automated decision-making and profiling (Article 22).

- Security of Personal Data:
- Technical and organizational measures (Article 32).
- Risk-based approach to security.
- Data breach notification requirements (Articles 33-34).

- Accountability Requirements:
- Data Protection by Design and by Default (Article 25).
- Data Protection Impact Assessments (DPIAs, Article 35).
- Record of processing activities (Article 30).
- Appointment of Data Protection Officers (DPOs, Articles 37-39).

Domain III: Compliance with European Data Protection Laws and Regulations

- International Data Transfers:
- GDPR Chapter V (Articles 44-50).
- Adequacy decisions (Article 45).
- Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs).
- Binding Corporate Rules (BCRs).
- Schrems I and Schrems II rulings and their impact on EU-U.S. data transfers.
- Derogations (Article 49).

- Supervision and Enforcement:
- Role of Data Protection Authorities (DPAs).
- European Data Protection Board (EDPB) and European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS).
- One-stop-shop mechanism (Article 56).
- Cooperation and consistency mechanisms (Articles 60-62).
- Fines and penalties (Article 83).

- Consequences for GDPR Violations:
- Administrative fines (up to €20 million or 4% of annual global turnover).
- Corrective measures (Article 58).
- Liability and compensation (Article 82).

- Employment Data:
- Processing employee data under GDPR.
- Workplace monitoring and consent.
- National variations in employment data protection.

- Direct Marketing:
- ePrivacy Directive and GDPR interplay.
- Consent for electronic marketing.
- Opt-in vs. opt-out rules.

- Internet Technology and Communications:
- Cookies and tracking technologies (ePrivacy Directive).
- Privacy by Design in technology.
- AI and data ethics.

- Financial and Health Data:
- Special considerations for financial data.
- Processing health data (Article 9(2)).
- National derogations for sensitive data.

- Personal Data: Any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (data subject).
- Data Subject: A natural person whose personal data is processed.
- Data Controller: The entity that determines the purposes and means of processing personal data.
- Data Processor: The entity that processes personal data on behalf of the controller.
- Processing: Any operation performed on personal data (e.g., collection, storage, use, deletion).
- GDPR: General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679, the primary EU data protection law.
- Consent: Freely given, specific, informed, and unambiguous agreement to data processing.
- Anonymization: Rendering personal data non-identifiable without the possibility of re-identification.
- Pseudonymization: Processing personal data so it can no longer be attributed to a data subject without additional information.
- Data Protection Officer (DPO): A designated individual responsible for overseeing GDPR compliance.
- Data Protection Authority (DPA): National or regional authority responsible for enforcing data protection laws.
- European Data Protection Board (EDPB): An EU body coordinating DPAs and issuing guidelines.
- Schrems II: A 2020 CJEU ruling invalidating the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield and emphasizing safeguards for international data transfers.
- Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs): Pre-approved contractual terms for international data transfers.
- Binding Corporate Rules (BCRs): Internal policies for intra-group international data transfers.
- Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA): A process to identify and mitigate risks in high-risk data processing.
- Privacy by Design and by Default: Embedding data protection into systems and processes from the outset.
- ePrivacy Directive: EU Directive 2002/58/EC governing electronic communications and cookies.
- Adequacy Decision: An EU determination that a third country ensures an adequate level of data protection.
- One-Stop-Shop Mechanism: A GDPR process allowing organizations to deal primarily with one DPA for cross-border processing.